The Types of Colon Polyps
Colon polyps are very common, and anyone can develop them. Roughly 30-50% of all adults have them by the time they turn 50. You’re at a greater risk of developing polyps if you’re overweight or a smoker. You could also be at greater risk if you have a family history of polyps or colon cancer1. Depending on your family history, genetics, the size of the polyp, and the severity of the polyp, you may require surgery to remove them. This article explains what colon polyps are, their symptoms, and when surgical intervention may be required.
What are colon polyps?
Colon polyps are small clusters of cells or growths that form on the inner lining of the colon. Although most colon polyps are benign, many can become cancerous if left unchecked or found too late. It becomes particularly important to address polyps as they are found, as colon cancer can be difficult to treat and has a higher fatality rate than other cancers2. The rule of thumb is, the bigger a polyp, the more likely it is to carry the risk of cancer. There are two types of colon polyps3: non-neoplastic and neoplastic. Non-neoplastic polyps typically do not become cancerous, but neoplastic polyps may carry that risk.
What are the symptoms of colon polyps?
Colon polyps are often asymptomatic, or at least painless. They may go undetected until your doctor discovers them during a colonoscopy, which is why regular screenings after a certain age or due to your personal risk factor are important. You may also be concerned about polyps if you experience rectal bleeding. In some rarer cases, you may experience pain, anemia, a change in bowel habits, or a change in stool color4.
How are colon polyps diagnosed?
Doctors find colon polyps while performing a rectal exam. A diagnosis may also be made based on the results of a CT scan, digital rectal and colon examination, double-contrast barium enema study, sigmoidoscopy (a test that examines the lower intestines), or a colonoscopy (a test that examines the entire colon). After colon polyps have been identified, they may have to be removed.
You should be getting screened for colon polyps regularly if you are genetically predisposed or over the age of 50. If you are considered high-risk, consult your doctor about undergoing regular colon polyps screening, typically annually, at a younger age.
How are colon polyps treated surgically?
If your polyps are determined to need surgery, you’ll likely qualify for one of four types of polyp removal surgeries:
- Polypectomy: This minimally invasive procedure removes polyps with forceps or a wire loop using the same scope as colonoscopy.
- Laparoscopic surgery: This procedure, which is also minimally invasive, is an option when polyps cannot be safely removed during a routine colon screening.
- Colectomy: This rarely-performed surgery removes parts or the entirety of the colon.
- Proctocolectomy: This surgery, also rarely performed, removes part of the colon and rectum.
Can colon polyps be prevented?
Everyday preventative measures to keep colon polyps at bay include eating a diet full of fiber, fruits, and vegetables. This also involves adhering to a low-sugar diet. You should also exercise to keep your gut moving effectively, avoid smoking, and limit alcohol consumption. Depending on your specific situation, your doctor may suggest genetic testing or regular screening to monitor the development or growth of cancer-causing colon polyps.
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